Distribution, sources and potential toxicological significance of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) in Guanting Reservoir sediments, China

The Guanting Reservoir lost its function as the second biggest drinking water source for Beijing due to the pollutions from the upstream flow of Yongding River in 1997. From 1998, lots of studies were carryied out to renew the function of Guanting Reservoir as domestic drinking water source before 2008 Olympic Games. This is the first time that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations in the surface sediment of Guanting Reservoir have been analyzed. A distinctive spatial distribution of PAHs was observed. Sediments from four sites along Inlet of Yongding River to reservoir bam had PAHs concentrations of 1377--2855 μg/g dw in descending order. The composition of PAHs is investigated and used to assess patrogenic,combustion and naturally derived of the sediments samples of Guanting Reservoir. Special PAHs ratios, such as phenanthrene/anthracene(P/A) and fluoranthene/pyrene(Fl/Pyr) were calculated to assess the relative importance of different origins. The data confirmed a relatively high level of petrogenic contamination in four sites. These high PAHs levels were associated with the input of untreated and partially treated industrial sewage. In addition, the concentrations of PAHs compounds of samples indicated that sediments of reservoir were most likely to pose potential biological impairment.     

苏云金芽胞杆菌基因工程菌BMB696B对实验动物的安全性评估

将来自苏云金芽胞杆菌李氏亚种的营养期杀虫蛋白基因vip83导入苏云金芽胞杆菌高毒菌株YBT-1520,得到广谱、高毒的工程菌BMB696B.室内生物测定显示该工程菌对棉铃虫和甜菜夜蛾具有很高的毒力.然而,国内外还未见有关于营养期杀虫蛋白的毒理学资料的报道,因此工程菌BMB696B的毒理学安全性也无法预测.为了对该工程菌的安全性进行合理的评价,并为该产品的生产和应用过程中安全防护措施的制定提供依据,根据国家标准GB 15670-1995<农药登记毒理学试验方法>,就BMB696B粉剂对实验动物进行了相关的毒理学试验.结果表明,工程菌对Wistar大鼠急性经口LD50大于5 000 mg/kg,急性经皮LD50大于2 000 mg/kg,均属低毒类;对兔皮肤刺激平均指数72 h后为0,皮肤刺激强度为无刺激性;眼刺激平均指数48 h后为O,眼刺激强度为无刺激性;对豚鼠致敏率为0,属Ⅰ级弱致敏物.由此证明,工程菌BMB696B没有经口和经皮的急性毒性、没有急性皮肤和眼刺激性、没有致敏性.     

室内甲醛污染及其控制

介绍了室内标志性污染物之一甲醛的来源、毒理性质及其治理方法和控制措施。提出了要以生态理论为指导,对甲醛进行全过程控制;在源头上减少装饰装修材料中甲醛的含量;科学合理的进行居室装修;利用生物方法、化学方法及物理化学方法等对散发甲醛进行治理。     

城市大气颗粒物毒性效应及机制的研究进展

大气颗粒物（PM）严重影响人体的健康,其与人类多种疾病的发生存在着明显的暴露-效应关系.本文简述了大气颗粒物的组分和来源,从大气颗粒物的呼吸系统毒性、心血管毒性、免疫毒性、神经毒性、遗传毒性等方面,系统地阐述了其对人体健康的危害,并对大气颗粒物的毒性机制进行了总结和讨论,指出了目前相关研究中存在的问题,展望了该领域的研究趋势,为后续研究和控制大气颗粒物的健康危害提供相应的科学参考依据.     

多溴联苯醚和全氟烷基酸的分子毒理机制研究

多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)和全氟烷基酸(PFAAs)是两类使用量大、环境污染广泛、人体暴露严重的新型有机污染物,2009年已纳入《斯德哥尔摩公约》持久性有机污染物(POPs)名单,但其毒性效应及作用机制并不明确.本文综述了本课题组近几年针对多溴联苯醚PBDEs和全氟烷基酸PFAAs的分子毒理机制研究工作,主要集中在这两类污染物对甲状腺系统、雌激素系统和肝脏脂肪酸代谢系统干扰效应的分子机制研究.本文分别从分子、细胞和活体三个层面,研究了污染物与核受体的直接结合作用、结合后受体的构象变化、细胞内受体的转录活性、以及活体暴露后受体调控基因的表达变化,由此阐明了污染物通过与受体直接作用导致细胞和活体生物功能改变的分子机制.同时结合计算模拟,探讨了污染物生物效应与其化学结构之间的关系,发现污染物的受体活性取决于它们与受体结合的空间构型,而其活性强度基本与二者的结合能力一致,主要受疏水作用和氢键的影响.此外,还通过研究污染物与天然配体转运蛋白的相互作用,明确了各个污染物与转运蛋白的结合能力,探讨了其构效关系,并评估了污染物对天然配体在体内转运过程的潜在干扰效应.通过上述研究工作,提出了多层面、多靶点研究环境污染物分子毒理机制的新思路,建立和引进了研究污染物与生物靶分子相互作用的新方法,发现了PBDEs、PFAAs与TR、ER、PPARγ核受体结合的新模式,为深入了解这些污染物的分子毒理机制提供了有用的信息和有效的研究手段.     

Effect of sunlight radiation,rainfall and droplet spectra of sprays on persistence of bacillus thuringiensis deposits after application of dipel® 76af formulation onto conifers

Abstract

The effect of sunlight radiation, rainfall and droplet spectra of sprays on per ‐sistence of a Bacillus thuringiensis subspp. kurstaki (Btk) formulation, DiPel^® 76AF, was examined after application onto spruce [Picea glauca (Moench) Voss] foliage. The investigation consisted of three studies: (i) Study I: a laboratory microcosm study to examine the photostability of DiPel 76AF deposits on foliage after different periods of exposure to two radiation intensities, (ii) Study II: a laboratory microcosm study to examine the rainfastness of foliar deposits after exposure to different amounts of rainfall consisting of two separate droplet spectra, and (iii) Study III: a field microcosm study to investigate the influence of two different droplet spectra of DiPel 76AF sprays on foliar persistence of Btk under natural weathering conditions. In all studies, persistence of Btk was investigated both by bioassay [using spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana Clemens)] and total protein assay.

The findings of Study I indicated that bioactivity of foliar deposits decreased with increasing duration of exposure to radiation, and with increasing radiation intensity. The half‐life (DT₅₀, the exposure period required for 50% of the initial bioactivity to disappear) was 5.1 d for the low intensity, and 3.9 d for the higher intensity. In contrast with the bioassay results, the total protein levels [determined by the bicinchoninic acid (BCA) method] showed no decrease with increasing duration of exposure, or with increasing radiation intensity.

The findings of Study II indicated that bioactivity of foliar deposits decreased with increasing cumulative rainfall. A new term, RF₅₀ [the amount of rain (in mm) required to washoff 50% of the initial deposit], was introduced to understand the relationship between rainfall intensity and reduction in bioactivity. When the same amount of rain was applied in different droplet sizes, the RF₅₀ value was high (5.2 mm) for the small rain droplets, and was low (2.9 mm) for the large rain droplets. Similar to the bioassay results, the total protein concentrations (determined by the BCA method) decreased with increasing amount of rain and with increasing rainfall intensity. The RF₅₀ value (obtained using ng protein /cm²) was 5.4 mm for the small rain droplets, and was 3.4 mm for the large rain droplets.

The field microcosm study indicated that when DiPel 76AF was applied in small droplets (D_v.5 of 65 μm), the persistence of bioactivity was ca 8.0 d, whereas when it was applied in large droplets (D_v.5 of 130 nm) it was ca 11 d. Bioactivity decreased with time after spray, and the DT₅₀ was 1.98 d for the spray of small droplets, and 2.87 d for that of large droplets. Similar to the bioactivity, the total protein concentrations also decreased with time after spray, and the DT₅₀ values for the small and large droplet spectra were 3.45 and 6.07 d respectively.     

宝鸡城市土壤重金属生物活性与环境风险

在野外调查与前期研究的基础上,根据一点多样混合采样法收集宝鸡市工业区土壤分析样品50个,采用Tessier连续形态分析法对城市土壤重金属Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Cu、Sb形态进行分级并使用ICP-OES对其各形态含量进行测定.在对6种重金属活性系数(MF)、迁移系数(MJ)、综合潜在生态风险指数(RI)及人群健康风险研究的基础上,对重金属地球化学形态分布、迁移能力、生物活性与环境风险进行了探讨.结果表明,宝鸡工业区城市土壤重金属Zn、Cd、Cr、Cu、Sb形态均以残渣态为主,而Pb主要以铁锰氧化物结合态为主;在各形态含量所占百分比中,重金属Cr可交换态含量最低.化学形态分析结果显示,6种重金属整体迁移的顺序为:Pb(77.60%)Zn(47.36%)Cu(35.86%)Cd(30.91%)Sb(16.46%)Cr(11.31%);土壤Pb(MF=35.77%)的生物活性最强,Cd(MJ=0.091)的迁移能力最大.城市土壤重金属Cd和Cr对儿童和成人的致癌风险处于中低等水平,但Cr对儿童将产生较大的非致癌风险.而重金属Pb对儿童和成人均产生非常明显的非致癌风险和中等程度的致癌风险,可见,重金属Pb是宝鸡市城市土壤最主要的环境污染物与健康风险因子.重金属Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Cu、Sb工业排放与化石燃料燃烧的来源和城市儿童高铅血症的检出率说明宝鸡工业区重金属的干湿尘降污染应该引起高度重视.     

一种新型环境污染物：羟基化多溴联苯醚（OH-PBDEs）

近年来羟基化多溴联苯醚（OH—PBDEs）在诸多环境介质中陆续被检出,其中一些被证明能在生物体内蓄积,另外一些被证明能产生致毒效应．作为一种新型的有机污染物,OH—PBDEs逐渐成为环境工作者研究的新热点．本文介绍了OH-PBDEs在环境中的来源及暴露水平,概述了国内外最近几年关于OH-PBDEs的环境浓度检测、生物体...     

模拟电镀污泥重金属浸出液对氧化亚铁硫杆菌活性的影响

从浙江温州某制革厂污泥中筛选到1株细菌,对其形态和16S rDNA序列研究表明,细菌细胞呈杆状,革兰氏染色阴性,其16S rDNA序列与嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌标准菌株Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270的序列相似度为99%,可鉴定为嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌菌株,暂命名为WZ-1.为了研究电镀污泥浸出液中重金属离子对WZ-1活性的影响,考察了Ni2+、Cr3+、Cu2+、Zn2+这4种重金属离子及5种不同模拟电镀污泥重金属浸出液对WZ-1 Fe2+氧化活性和表观呼吸速率的影响,结果表明菌株在接种量6.7%、初始pH 2.0、温度30℃、转速150 r·min-1的条件下,浓度分别为5.0 g·L-1、0.1 g·L-1的Ni2+、Cr3+对WZ-1的活性没有影响;WZ-1对Ni2+、Cr3+、Cu2+、Zn2+的最大耐受浓度分别为:30.0、0.1、2.5、30.0 g·L-1;5种模拟电镀污泥重金属浸出液对WZ-1活性的影响有明显差异,抑制强弱顺序为:Cu/Ni/Cr/Zn>Cu/Ni/Zn>Cu/Cr/Zn>Cu/Ni/Cr>Ni/Cr/Zn.     

镍对人体健康的危害效应及其机理研究

镍是人体必需的生命元素,但过量的镍会对人体造成危害。本文主要从镍可引起炎症、癌症、神经衰弱症、系统紊乱、降低生育能力、致畸和致突变等方面概述镍对人体健康的危害效应,并从镍能影响遗传物质的合成、影响多种酶和内分泌腺的作用、引起基因点突变、基因丢失、基因扩增、产生“镍指”、形成N i2＋-肽复合物、诱导产生活性氧及其影响电解质中的离子含量等多方面阐述了镍对人体健康危害效应的机理,以期对防治重金属对人体的危害提供一些理论依据。